A natural formula produced from olive leaves, Olive Leaf Extract is designed to control lipidemia. It is supported by three clinical studies which have confirmed its ability to lower LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels, increase HDL-cholesterol and fight lipid peroxidation.

What exactly is Olive Leaf Extract?

Olive Leaf Extract a natural-source dietary supplement produced from olive leaves. It contains a very high level of oleuropein, a bioactive phytonutrient specific to the olive tree, which helps control blood lipids and prevent carbohydrate absorption.

It is aimed at anyone who wants to improve their cardiovascular health and maintain the integrity of their blood vessels. Individuals with the following risk factors are likely to be particularly interested in this product:

• those who are overweight;
• those with type 2 diabetes;
• those prone to circulation problems;
• those with high blood pressure;
• those who are stressed;
• those who have hypercholesterolemia

What compounds are in Olive Leaf Extract?

The beneficial effects of the olive tree are attributed to its exceptionally high content in phenolic compounds, molecules known for their antioxidant potency. In the olive tree, these compounds play a part in defending the tree from insects, infection, multiple microbial attacks and UV radiation (1-2), but they are also biologically active when ingested by humans. They are known to reduce the risk of a number of diseases by combatting free radicals and improving enzymatic balance.

Oleuropein is the most abundant phenolic compound in the olive tree (3) (accounting for around 25% of the extract). It is oleuropein that gives extra virgin olive oil its characteristic bitterness, but there are many other such compounds found in Olive Leaf Extract: apigenin, caffeic acid, catechins, coumaric acid, diosmetin, ferulic acid, gallic acid, hesperidin, hydroxytyrosol, luteolin, oleoside, quercetin, rutin, tyrosol, vanillin, verbascoside…

As the oleuropein in olive leaves has been scientifically shown to be responsible for the plant’s benefits, Olive Leaf Extract is formulated to contain an optimum amount of this compound.

What are the mechanisms of action of Olive Leaf Extract?

Olive Leaf Extract’s effects on the cardiovascular system.

Olive leaves have been used in phytotherapy since antiquity apparently for their antilipidemic, antiseptic and antiviral properties.

Scientific research has since confirmed these applications and identified new properties: antimicrobial (4-5), antiviral (6), antifungal (7), gastro-protective (8), blood glucose-lowering (9), blood pressure-lowering (10), antioxidant (11-12), antiatherogenic (13), hypolipidemic (14), anti-inflammatory (15), neuro-protective (16), vasodilatory (17) and anti-ageing (18).

There are three precise mechanisms of action which are responsible for the majority of Olive Leaf Extract’s effects on the cardiovascular system:

1) cholesterol-lowering action

The olive tree’s polyphenols, particularly oleuropein, act on cholesterol excretion (19). They promote the elimination of excess cholesterol via the bile ducts, duodenum and finally faeces.

2) antioxidant action

The antioxidant potential of oleuropein is exceptional. When elderly institutionalised individuals followed a diet enriched with an extract of oleuropein and its derivatives for six weeks, their antioxidant capacity was shown to improve (20). It is a natural solution to combatting oxidative stress and inhibiting LDL oxidation (21).

3) action on sugar absorption

By binding to sucrase and maltase, two digestive enzymes, oleuropein limits sugar absorption and thus reduces spikes in blood glucose. It also does this by slowing down activity of the sugar transporter, GLUT2.

Is it supported by scientific studies?

The effect of Olive Leaf Extract has been directly measured in three clinical trials (22).

1) One year’s supplementation with 250mg a day

Following 12 months’ daily supplementation by subjects with elevated cholesterol levels, researchers recorded:

• a 20% reduction in ‘bad’ LDL-cholesterol;
• a 13% increase in ‘good’ HDL-cholesterol;
• a 10% decrease in total cholesterol and a 5% decrease in triglycerides.

2) Four weeks’ supplementation with 250mg a day

In overweight subjects, there was a significant improvement over four weeks in the expected ratio of coronary risk as compared with placebo. A clear decrease in triglycerides was observed.

3) Eight weeks’ supplementation with 250mg a day

The third study examined the ability of Olive Leaf Extract to reduce oxidative stress. Results showed that daily supplementation with 250mg reduced levels of MDA (malondialdehyde) by almost a third, a urinary marker of oxidative stress.

Why use extracts of olive leaf rather than olives?

Studies suggest that the leaves and fruit are equally rich in oleuropein (23), but olive leaf is considered a more renewable natural source for extraction (24). Hence its use in Olive Leaf Extract, and its ingredient Olécol®.

Five good reasons to choose Olive Leaf Extract to maintain healthy blood vessels

1) The antioxidant content of olives depends to a large extent on variety, maturity and preservation. Therefore, if you live a long way away from the Mediterranean region where they’re grown, you can’t really rely on eating olives all year round to boost your cardiovascular health. With its exceptional and stable content in olive tree polyphenols, Olive Leaf Extract provides a solution to this problem, offering populations the world over the opportunity to fully benefit from the advantages of a Mediterranean diet.

2) Eating a Mediterranean diet is associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (25). Scientific studies have in large part attributed these protective effects to the role played by the olive tree (26).

3) The bioavailability of oleuropein in humans is very high – between 55% and 60% (27). Maximal plasma concentration occurs two hours after oral administration. Studies have also shown that oleuropein crosses the blood-brain barrier easily.

4) The Mediterranean diet was recognized by UNESCO in 2010 as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

5) Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality across the world, claiming more than 17 million lives each year.

Additional steps to maximise the benefits of Olive Leaf Extract

To further enhance the efficacy of Olive Leaf Extract, you can adopt these additional measures throughout the supplementation period:

1. Significantly increase your intake of fruit, vegetables, nuts and wholegrains.
2. Make liberal use of herbs, spices, garlic and onion.
3. Only use olive oil for dressings and rapeseed oil for cooking.
4. Eat at least one yogurt a day (preferably sheep’s milk).
5. Limit your intake of poultry and red meat, and instead choose fish and seafood whenever possible.
6. Be physically active every day (go for a walk after a meal, take part in sports, do some exercises …).
7. Take a daily multivitamin supplement.

These measures are part of the Mediterranean diet which is based on the long-term food habits of Mediterranean populations. They are a good accompaniment to supplementing with Olive Leaf Extract though not essential for obtaining the benefits of this product.

Note: this product should not be used as a substitute for a varied, balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle. It’s important to follow the guidelines on how to take it and the recommended dose, and to use it by the ‘best before’ date. It is not recommended for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding, or for children under 15. Keep out of children’s reach. Store in a cool, dry place.

References

1. Lo Scalzo, R., Scarpati, M.L., Verzebgnassi, B., Vita, G., (1994). Olea europaea chemical repellent to Dacis oleae females. J. Chem. Ecol., 20, 1813-1923.
2. Uccella, N., (2001). Olive biophenols : biomolecular characterization, distribution and phytolexin histochemical localization in the drupes. Trends Food Science and Technology. 11, 315-327.
3. Benavente-Garcia, O., Castillo, J., Lorente, J., Ortuno, A., Del Rio, J. A., (2000). Antioxidant activity of phenolics extracted from Olea europaea L-leaves. Food Chemistry, 68(4), 457-462.
4. Sudjana, A.N., D’Orazio, C., Ryan, V., Rasool, N., Ng, J., Islam, N., Rileya, T.V. Hammera, K.A., (2009). Antimicrobial activity of commercial Olea europaea (olive) leaf extract. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 33, 461-463.
5. Pereira, A. P., Ferreira, I.C.F.R., Marcelino, F., Valentão, P., Andrade, P.B., Seabra, R., Estevinho, L., Bento, A., Pereira, J.A., (2007). Phenolic Compounds and Antimicrobial Activity of Olive (Olea europaea L. Cv. Cobrançosa) Leaves. Molecules, 12, 1153-1162.
6. Micol, V., Caturla, N., Pérez-Fons, L., Más, V., Pérez, L., Estepa, A., (2005). The olive leaf extract exhibits antiviral activity against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia rhabdovirus (VHSV). Antiviral Res., 66(2-3):129-36.
7. Korukluoglu, M., Sahan, Y., Yigit, A., (2008), Antifungal properties of olive leaf extracts and their phenolic compounds. Journal of Food Safety, 28 (1), 76-87.
8. Dekanski, D., Janicijevic-Hudomal, S., Tadic, V., Markovic, G., Arsic, I., Mitrovic, D. M., (2009). Phytochemical analysis and gastroprotective activity of an olive leaf extract. Journal of the Serbian chemical society, 74 (4), 367-377.
9. Takeshi, Y., Hiroshi, S., Gustavo, S., Naohide, K., Shuichi, M., (2007). Food containing olive leaf extract and -lipoic acid and prevention of diseases due to accumulation of advanced glycation end products with the food. Patent written in Japanese. JP 2006-167353 20060616. 7 pp.
10. Susalit, E., Agus, N., Effendi, I., Tjandrawinata, R.R., Nofiarny, D., Perrinjaquet-Moccetti, T., Verbruggen, M., (2011). Olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract effective inpatients with stage-1 hypertension: Comparison with Captopril. Phytomedicine, 18(4), 251-258.
11. Altiok, E., Baycin, D., Bayraktar, O., Ulku, S., (2008). Isolation of polyphenols from the extracts of olive leaves (Olea europaea L.) by adsorption on silk fibroin. Sep. Purif. Technol., 62(2), 342-348.
12. Lee, O.H., Lee, B.Y., (2010). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of individual and combined phenolics in Olea europaea leaf extract. Bioresource Technology, 101(10), 3751-3754.
13. Somova, L.I., Shode, F.O., Ramnanan, P., Nadar, A., (2003). Antihypertensive, antiatherosclerotic and antioxidant activity of triterpenoids isolated from Olea europaea, subspecies africana leaves. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 84(2-3), 299-305.
14. Jemai, H., Bouaziza, M., Fki, I., El Feki, A., Sayadi, S., (2008). Hypolipidimic and antioxidant activities of oleuropein and its hydrolysis derivative-rich extracts from Chemlali olive leaves. Chemico-Biological Interactions 176, 88–98
15. Miljkovic, D., Dekanski, D., Miljkovic, E., Momcilovic, M., Mostarica-Stojkovic, M., (2009). Dry olive leaf extract ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clinical Nutrition, 28, 346-350.
16. Mohagheghi, F., Bigdeli, M. R., Rasoulian, B., Hashemi, P., Rashidi, M.P., (2011). The neuroprotective effect of olive leaf extract is related to improved blood–brain barrier permeability and brain edema in rat with experimental focal cerebral ischemia Phytomedicine, 18 (2-3), 170-175.
17. Zarzuelo, A., Duarte, J., Jiménez, J., Gonzalez, M., Utrilla, M.P., (1991). Vasodilator effect of olive leaf. Planta Medica, 57(5), 417-419.
18. Julián Castillo, J., Alcaraz, M., Benavente-García, O., (2010). Antioxidant and Radioprotective Effects of Olive Leaf Extract. Olives and Olive Oil in Health and Disease Prevention, 951-958.
19. Coni E, Di Benedetto R, Di Pasquale M, et al. 2000. Protective effect of oleuropein, an olive oil biophenol, on low density lipoprotein oxidizability in rabbits. Lipids 35 : 45–54.
20. Oliveras-López MJ, Molina JJ, Mir MV, Rey EF, Martín F, de la Serrana HL. 2013. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) consumption and antioxidant status in healthy institutionalized elderly humans. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 57 : 234–242.
21. Visioli F, Caruso D, Galli C, Sala A. 2000. Olive oils rich in natural catecholic phenols decrease isoprostane excretion in humans. Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun. 278 : 797–799.
22. The Effect of Olive Leaf Extract Administration on Cardiovascular Health, Avril 2017, https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT02990637] Consulté le 15 octobre 2018.
23. Briante, R., La Cara, F., Febbraio, F., Patumi, M., Nucci, R., (2002). Bioactive derivatives from oleuropein by a biotransformation on Olea europaea leaf extracts. Journal of Biotechnology, 93, 109– 119.
24. Bouaziz, M., Sayadi, S., (2005). Isolation and evaluation of antioxidants from leaves of a Tunisian cultivar olive tree. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 107, 497-504.
25. Perez-Lopez FR, Chedraui P, Haya J, Cuadros. JL. 2009. Effects of the Mediterranean diet on longevity and age-related morbid conditions. Maturitas 64 : 67–79.
26. Keys A. 1995. Mediterranean diet and public health : personal reflexions. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61 : 1321S–1323S.
27. Vissers MN, Zock PL, Roodenburg AJ, Leemen R, Katan MB. 2002. Apparent absorption of olive oil phenols in humans. J. Nutr. 132 : 409–417.
28. Serra A, Rubió L, Borràs X, Macià A, Romero MP, Motilva MJ. Distribution of olive oil phenolic compounds in rat tissues after administration of a phenolic extract from olive cake, Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012 Mar;56(3):486-96. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201100436. Epub 2011 Dec 20.

Organic moringa leaf extract is a dietary supplementproduced from the plant Moringa oleifera, traditionally-recognised for its exceptional nutritional value and ability to reduce levels of sugar and lipids in the blood.

It’s an aqueous extract made from organically-grown Moringa leaves.

What benefits does Organic moringa leaf extract offer?

Moringa has attracted significant interest among the scientific community. Every year, dozens of studies are published highlighting the therapeutic potential of the plant’s leaves (1), confirming the empirical evidence that has accumulated over thousands of years.

This scientific research shows that Organic moringa leaf extractoffers four key benefits:

• It helps lower blood sugar levels. Like berberine, Moringa helps reduce fasting and post-prandial glycaemia levels. In one clinical study (2) of type 2 diabetics, 40 days’ supplementation reduced participants’ glycaemia by around 30%. This effect may be due to the isothiocyanate compounds in Moringa leaves which increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues (3) and reduce activity of intestinal sucrase.
• It combats processes linked to inflammation. Inflammation is one of the body’s defence mechanisms, but if it persists for a long time, it becomes pathological, triggering and exacerbating a number of chronic health problems.
  Moringa inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages and reduces the activity of genes involved in inflammation (4-5). These anti-inflammatory properties are due mainly to the presence of isothiocyanate and terpenoid compounds.
• It lowers blood cholesterol levels. One clinical study (6) showed that supplementing for 50 days reduced total serum cholesterol levels by 2% and increased ‘good’ HDL-cholesterol by 7%. Since increased LDL-cholesterol levels are known to impair healthy cardiac muscle function, Moringa’s lipid-lowering effects thus help improve cardiovascular health. Here, it’s the plant’s phenol and flavonoid compounds which are likely to be responsible (7). They appear to inhibit two key enzymes involved in cholesterol metabolism: lipase and cholesterol esterase (8). (8).


What benefits does Organic moringa leaf extract offer?

• It helps inhibit neurodegeneration. This mechanism of action is probably due to its high content of polyphenols and other antioxidants which reduce oxidative stress (9).

What exactly is Moringa?

Moringa is a plant that has been recognised, used and valued for thousands of years in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It’s the only genus in the plant family Moringaceae and is grown in the world’s tropical regions and in Madagascar, primarily for the exceptional nutritional value of its leaves (10-11). These contain vitamins (particularly vitamins C, B6 and B2), minerals (primarily iron and magnesium), important amino acids and fatty acids (12-3), as well as precious antioxidants including rare carotenoids, flavonoids and phenols (14).

Several studies have shown that Moringa leaves were used for their anti-inflammatory (17), anti-hypertensive (18), diuretic, antimicrobial (10), antioxidant (20), anti-hyperlipidaemic (21), cardio-protective and liver-protective (22-23) properties. According to Ayurvedic medicine practitioners, Moringa may prevent more than 300 diseases (24) !

What is in Organic moringa leaf extract ?

Organic Moringa leaf extract is an aqueous extract made from the plant’s leaves.

It contains three major types of compound, in addition to the above-mentioned vitamins, minerals and fatty acids:

1. Polyphenols, including flavonoids and phenolic acids. The principal flavonoids are quercetin, rutin, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, myricetin and benzylamine (moringine) (25), while the most abundant phenolic acids are salicylic, gallic, coumarinic and caffeic acid (26) as well as chlorogenic acid. The latter plays a role in glucose metabolism: it is at least partly responsible for the anti-diabetes properties of the extract (27-28).
2. Alkaloids, in particular glucosinolates and isothiocyanates, which are primarily responsible for Moringa’s anti-inflammatory effects.
3. Saponins, which reduce cholesterol absorption by binding to molecules and acids in bile (29).

In 2007, researchers examined the active principles of Moringa oleifera leaves (30). They found that two additional molecules, niazarin and niaziridin, increase the biological activity of the antibiotic compounds and facilitate gastrointestinal absorption of the vitamins and other micronutrients present in the leaves.

How should Organic Moringa leaf extract be taken?

Moringa oleifera

The recommended dose is three capsules a day, to be taken with food, for at least five weeks.

You may also be interested in other quality phytonutrients available from our catalogue:

• Apple Polyphenols, a supplement of polyphenols from apples
• Bioperine, a black pepper extract
• Broccoli Sulforaphane Glucosinolate 300 mg, a broccoli extract standardised in sulforaphane
• Butterbur Extract 50 mg, an extract of butterbur
• Catuaba Power, a catuaba extract
• Chrysantellum americanum 400 mg, a natural extract of Chrysantellum americanum
• Natural Iodine 500 mg a natural source of iodine with multiple benefits
• SesaPlex 100 mg, a patented extract of sesame seeds
• Olive Leaf Extract, a Mediterranean triple-action formulation against cholesterol.

Written : March 2019.

Note: this product should not be used as a substitute for a varied, balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle. It’s important to follow the guidelines on how to take it and the recommended dose, and to use it by the ‘best before’ date. It is not recommended for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding, or for children under 15. Keep out of children’s reach. Store in a cool, dry place.

References

1. Mbikay M. 2012. Therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera leaves in chronic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia: a review. Front Pharmacol 3: 24. doi:10.3389/fphar.2012.00024. eCollection 2012.
2. Kumari DJ. 2010. Hypoglycemic effect of Moringa oleifera and Azadirachta indica in type-2 diabetes. Bioscan 5: 211–214.
3. Oh Y.S., Jun H.S. Role of bioactive food components in diabetes prevention: Effects on Beta-cell function and preservation. Nutr. Metab. Insights. 2014;7:51–59. doi: 10.4137/NMI.S13589.
4. Kooltheat N., Sranujit R.P., Chumark P., Potup P., Laytragoon-Lewin N., Usuwanthim K. An ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa oleifera Lam. Inhibits human macrophage cytokine production induced by cigarette smoke. Nutrients. 2014;6:697–710. doi: 10.3390/nu6020697.
5. Waterman C., Cheng D.M., Rojas-Silva P., Poulev A., Dreifus J., Lila M.A., Raskin I. Stable, water extractable isothiocyanates from Moringa oleifera leaves attenuate inflammation in vitro. Phytochemistry. 2014;103:114–122. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.03.028.
6. Ghiridhari VVA, Malhati D, Geetha K. 2011. Anti-diabetic properties of drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leaf tablets. Int J Health Nutr 2: 1–5
7. Siasos G., Tousoulis D., Tsigkou V., Kokkou E., Oikonomou E., Vavuranakis M., Basdra E.K., Papavassiliou A.G., Stefanadis C. Flavonoids in atherosclerosis: An overview of their mechanisms of action. Curr. Med. Chem. 2013;20:2641–2660. doi: 10.2174/0929867311320210003.
8. Toma A., Makonnen E., Debella A., Tesfaye B. Antihyperglycemic Effect on Chronic Administration of Butanol Fraction of Ethanol Extract of Moringa stenopetala Leaves in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Mice. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2012;2:S1606–S1610. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60461-4.
9. Niger. J. Physiol. Sci. 31 (2016): Igado and Olopade A Review on the Possible Neuroprotective Effects of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract
10. Thurber MD, Fahey JW. 2009. Adoption of Moringa oleifera to combat under-nutrition viewed through the lens of the “differential innovations” theory. Ecol Food Nutr 48: 212–225.
11. Razis AFA, Ibrahim MD, Kntayya SB. 2014. Health benefits of Moringa oleifera. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 15:. DOI:10.7314/ APJCP.2014.15.20.8571.
12. Moyo B, Masika PJ, Mar LJ, Hugo A, Muchenje V. 2011. Nutritional characterization of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves. Afr J Biotechnol 10: 12,925–12,933.
13. Teixeira EMB, Carvalho MRB, Neves VA, Silva MA, Arantes-Pereira L. 2014. Chemical characteristics and fractionation of proteins from Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves. Food Chem 147: 51–54
14. Vongsak B, Sithisam P, Gritsanapan W. 2014. Simultaneous HPLC quantitative analysis of active compounds in leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. J Chromatogr Sci 52: 641–645.
15. Anwar F, Latif S, Ashraf M, Gilani AH. 2007. Moringa oleifera: a food plant with multiple medicinal uses. Phytother Res 21: 17–25
16. Mbikay M. 2012. Therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera leaves in chronic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia: a review. Front Pharmacol 3: 24. doi:10.3389/fphar.2012.00024. eCollection 2012.
17. Rao K.S., Mishra S.H. Anti-inflammatory and antihepatoxic activities of the roots of Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 1998;60:12–16.
18. Faizi S., Siddiqui B., Saleem R., Aftab K., Shaheen F., Gilani A. Hypotensive constituents from the pods of Moringa oleifera. Planta Med. 1998;64:225–228. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-957414. [PubMed]
19. Walter A., Samuel W., Peter A., Joseph O. Antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala methanol and N-hexane seed extracts on bacteria implicated in water borne diseases. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 2011;5:153–157.
20. Anwar F., Latif S., Ashraf M., Gilani A.H. Moringa oleifera: A food plant with multiple medicinal uses. Phytother. Res. 2007;21:17–25. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2023.
21. Oyedepo T.A., Babarinde S.O., Ajayeoba T.A. Evaluation of the antihyperlipidemic effect of aqueous leaves extract of Moringa oleifera in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int. J. Biochem. Res. Rev. 2013;3:162–170. doi: 10.9734/IJBCRR/2013/3639.
22. Hamza A.A. Ameliorative effects of Moringa oleifera Lam seed extract on liver fibrosis in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2010;48:345–355. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.10.022. [PubMed]
23. Pari L., Kumar N.A. Hepatoprotective activity of Moringa oleifera on antitubercular drug-induced liver damage in rats. J. Med. Food. 2002;5:171–177. doi: 10.1089/10966200260398206. [PubMed]
24. Ayon Bhattacharya, Prashant Tiwari, Pratap K. Sahu, and Sanjay Kumar. A Review of the Phytochemical and Pharmacological Characteristics of Moringa oleifera, J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2018 Oct-Dec; 10(4): 181–191, doi: 10.4103/JPBS.JPBS_126_18.
25. Sultana B., Anwar F. Flavonols (kaempeferol, quercetin, myricetin) contents of selected fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants. Food Chem. 2008;108:879–884. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.11.053.
26. Waterman C, Cheng DM, Rojas-Silva P, et al. 2014. Stable, water extractable isothiocyanates from Moringa oleifera leaves attenuate inflammation in vitro. Phytochemistry. DOI:10.1016/ j.phytochem.2014.03.026.
27. Karthikesan K., Pari L., Menon V.P. Combined treatment of tetrahydrocurcumin and chlorogenic acid exerts potential antihyperglycemic effect on streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. Gen. Physiol. Biophys. 2010;29:23–30. doi: 10.4149/gpb_2010_01_23.
28. De Sotillo Rodriguez D.V., Hadley M. Chlorogenic acid modifies plasma and liver concentrations of: Cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and minerals in (fa/fa) Zucker rats. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2002;13:717–726. doi: 10.1016/S0955-2863(02)00231-0
29. Oyedepo T.A., Babarinde S.O., Ajayeoba T.A. Evaluation of the antihyperlipidemic effect of aqueous leaves extract of Moringa oleifera in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int. J. Biochem. Res. Rev. 2013;3:162–170. doi: 10.9734/IJBCRR/2013/3639.
30. Shankar K, Gupta MM, Srivastava SK, et al. 2007. Determination of bioactive nitrile glycoside(s) in drumstick (Moringa oleifera) by reverse phase HPLC. Food Chem 105: 376–382.
31. Stohs, S. J., & Hartman, M. J. (2015). Review of the Safety and Efficacy ofMoringa oleifera. Phytotherapy Research, 29(6), 796–804.doi:10.1002/ptr.5325